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Name :: Ying
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To love at all is to be vulnerable. Love anything and your heart will certainly be wrung and possibly be broken. If you want to be sure of keeping it intact, you must give your heart to no one - not even to an animal. Wrap it carefully round with hobbies and little luxuries; avoid all entanglements. Lock it up safely in the casket or the coffin of your selfishness. But, in that casket- safe, dark, motionless, airless, it will change. It will not be broken; it will become unbreakable, impenetrable, unredeemable. The only place outside heaven where you can be safe from all the dangers and perturbations of love, is hell.
- The Four Loves, C.S. Lewis
Wednesday, November 23, 2005
PH2110 - Logic
Forms of argument
Modus Ponens If p, then q p Therefore, q
Modus Tollens If p, then q Not q Therefore, not p
Dilemma Either p or q If p, then r If q, then s Therefore, either r or s
Hypothetical Syllogism If p, then q If q, then r Therefore, if p, then r
Disjunctive Syllogism Either p or q Not p Therefore, q
Fallacies
Fallacy of denying the antecedent If p, then q Not p Therefore, not q
Fallacy of affirming the consequent If p, then q q Therefore, p
Ok, maybe that was a little dry. But here's my favourite bit!
Common pitfalls in argument - not an exhaustive list; only my favourites!
False analogy When someone says something is like something else, and uses that basis to deliver his conclusion when in fact the two are different in some ways. Eg: Women are like the weather. They are unpredictable. There's no point anticipating what a woman might do.
False dilemma When someone offers only two options, and overlooks the fact that there are other alternatives to choose from. Eg: There's no point proving that God exists because you either believe in God or you don't believe in God. If you do, there's no need to convince you of God's existence. If you don't, nothing I say will convince you otherwise. (Agnostics are undecided - they can always be persuaded!)
Armchair speculation When you don't know bullshit and aren't qualified enough to be passing any statements.
Arguing from ignorance Just because you don't know that something is true doesn't mean that it isn't true.
Ad populum When you argue that something is true just because plenty of people believe that it is true.
False appeal to authority Just because some expert says it's true doesn't mean it's true, particularly if you can't specify which expert, if your expert is an expert in an irrelevant field, and especially if other experts contradict what your expert says.
False cause Just because A happens before B doesn't mean that A caused B.
Hasty generalisation When you conclude that something must always be true just because it is true on a few occasions.
Fallacy of division When you believe that each part shares the attributes of the whole. Eg: This pile of rocks is heavy. Therefore, each rock in this pile is heavy.
Fallacy of composition When you believe that the whole shares the attributes of its parts. Eg: Of course you understand this book. You understand English, and every word in the book is written in English.
Equivocation When your argument seems sound because you misleadingly changed the meaning of a phrase midway through your argument. Eg: Brad Pitt is a star. All stars are in orbit in outer space. So Brad Pitt is in orbit in outer space.
Arguing ad hominem Attacking someone's character instead of his argument. Eg: You don't even have a job and you want to argue about improving the economy?
Red herring When you're just pretending to be knocking down your opponent's argument; in fact, all you're doing is trying to distract from the fact that you're not addressing his argument.
Ok, if you don't find the above funny or at least intriguing, it probably proves that I'm really a geek at heart. :D
On a somewhat related note, it feels a little surreal that my exams are only starting tomorrow when everyone else seems to be waiting for their last papers already. I've got five papers in seven days: two tomorrow, one on sat, one next mon, and another next thu. I'm amazed at how I'm not in panic mode yet. Well, it'll probably only sink in tomorrow morning. Or if I have trouble sleeping later. Keeping my fingers crossed for tomorrow!
ying @ 10:17 PM
Comments:
oh man..these logic stuff. took them in year 1. interesting yet profound.haha.
LOL yeah it's amazing how they have all these technical terms for things that you take for granted. :D The higher you go (in terms of level 2000, 3000 and so on), the less the arts subjects seem like arts subjects. They just get so analytical and scientific with all these diagrams and tables and what nots. But interesting nonetheless!
: 11:25 PM